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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 39(6)dic. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1431710

ABSTRACT

La viruela del mono fue declarada emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional por la Organización Mundial de la Salud el año 2022. En Chile, hasta septiembre se han confirmado sobre 450 enfermos, mayoritariamente hombres jóvenes. Este poxvirus zoonótico se transmite entre humanos por contacto estrecho; la enfermedad es autolimitada y puede ser fatal en inmunocomprometidos. La prevención mediante inmunización es importante. MVA-BN es una de las tres vacunas disponibles, de 3° generación, contiene el virus vaccinia atenuado, no replicante por lo que se puede administrar a pacientes inmunocomprometidos y mujeres embarazadas y está aprobada para viruela símica en personas > 18 años. La información disponible sobre eficacia y efectividad es limitada. El CAVEI recomienda incorporar esta vacuna para interrumpir la cadena de transmisión y reducir el riesgo de enfermedad grave, en dos dosis separadas por 28 días, por vía subcutánea, priorizando el uso post-exposición para contactos estrechos con riesgo de enfermedad grave, idealmente en los primeros 4 días y hasta 14 días post contacto de riesgo y en ausencia de síntomas. Cuando el suministro de vacunas lo permita, se recomienda prevención pre-exposición para personas con alto riesgo ocupacional o por prácticas sexuales. Esta recomendación podría modificarse según la epidemiología, el suministro de vacunas y nueva información científica.


Monkeypox was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization during 2022. In Chile, over 450 patients have been confirmed until September, mostly young men. This zoonotic poxvirus is transmitted from humans to humans through close contact; it is a self-limiting disease and can be fatal in people with immunodeficiency. Prevention by immunization is important. MVA-BN, one of the three vaccines available, it is a third generation vaccine, based on non-replicating modified vaccinia virus, therefore can be administered to immunocompromised patients and pregnant women and it has been approved for monkeypox in people over 18 years of age. The available information on efficacy and effectiveness is limited. The CAVEI recommends incorporating this vaccine to interrupt the chain of transmission and reduce the risk of severe disease, administered subcutaneously in two doses, 28 days apart, prioritizing post exposure use for close contacts of confirmed cases with risk of severe disease, ideally within 4 days of exposure and it can be used up to 14 days after exposure and in the absence of symptoms. When the vaccine supply allows it, its application is recommended as pre-exposure prevention for people with high-risk sexual practices or with occupational risk. This recommendation could be modified according to epidemiology, vaccines supply and new scientific information.

2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(9): 1275-1284, sept. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389599

ABSTRACT

Background: The severity of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be evaluated by the PSI and CURB-65 scales. However, it is unknown whether their predictive capacity varies according to the etiology of the disease. Aim: To compare the performance of these scales in adults with viral, bacterial, mixed, and no agent detected CAP. Material and Methods: We studied 725 patients hospitalized for CAP aged 18 to 95 years (47% females) Urinary S. pneumoniae and Legionella antigens were detected by immuno-chromatography (Binax®). Respiratory viruses and bacteria were detected by PCR in nasopharyngeal smears. The proportions of deaths, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and oxygen therapy were compared between mild and non-severe patients defined by PSI (I/II and I-III) and CURB-65 (1 and 1-2), according to the causative agent. Results: Ten percent of patients died. A causative agent was detected in 65%. The proportion of mild and non-severe patients according to PSI and CURB-65, and of deceased patients, admitted to the ICU and with oxygen therapy was similar in the four categories per agent. There were no deaths among non-severe patients with bacterial CAP. However, 6% of patients with CAP caused by virus or without causative agents, died. No deaths occurred among mild patients with bacterial CAP. In viral CAP, no deaths occurred among patients classified as mild only by PSI. The yields of PSI were greater than those of CURB-65 in non-severe patients who died and were admitted to the ICU with bacterial and viral CAP (5 and 14%; 7 and 12% respectively, p = 0.04). Conclusions: The prognostic performance of PSI in CAP varies according to the causative agent in adults. It is higher in non-severe bacterial cases, and superior to CURB-65.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Pneumonia , Community-Acquired Infections , Severity of Illness Index , Hospitalization , Intensive Care Units
3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(6): 664-671, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-773273

ABSTRACT

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is frequent in HIV adults. It is unknown usefulness of quantitative methods for diagnosing the CMV disease in Chilean patients. Aim: To determine the performance of antigenemia and real time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) in the diagnosis of CMV disease in Chilean HIV adults. Method: Detection of CMV by viral isolation (AVR), antigenemia and quantitative rtPCR in HIV adults. Results: The 102 adults with suspected CMV disease had lower LTCD4 count and higher HIV viral load than 77 patients without suspicion (p < 0.05). Antigenemia and PCR were positive in 47 (46.1%) and 37 (36.3%) adults with clinical suspicion and in 2 (2.6%) and 4 (5.2%) of 77 without suspicion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of antigenemia and RPCtr were 92%, 80%, 72% and 95% and 72%, 95%, 92% and 80%, respectively. The cutoff values were ≥ lcell (+) and ≥ 5.5 log10 copies/2 x 10(6) cells. CMV was isolated in 6/179 patients (3.4%), all symptomatic. Conclusión: Positivity of antigenemia and rtPCR are similar for diagnosing CMV disease in Chilean HIV adults. AVR is inappropriate as a gold standard for its low performance.


Introducción: La infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) es frecuente en adultos con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). No se ha establecido la utilidad de los métodos cuantitativos para diagnosticar enfermedad por CMV en pacientes chilenos. Objetivo: Determinar la positividad de antigenemia y reacción de polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real (RPC-TR) en el diagnóstico de enfermedad por CMV en adultos chilenos con infección por VIH. Metodología: Se detectó CMV mediante aislamiento viral rápido (AVR), antigenemia y reacción de polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real (RPC-TR) cuantitativa en adultos infectados por VIH, con y sin sospecha de enfermedad por CMV. Resultados: El recuento de LT CD4 fue menor y mayor la carga de VIH en 102 sintomáticos respecto a 77 asintomáticos (p < 0,05). La antigenemia y la RPC-TR fueron positivas en 46 y 36% de los enfermos y en 3 y 5% de los asintomáticos respectivamente. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictor positivo y negativo de la antigenemia y la RPC-TR fueron 92%, 80%, 72% y 95% y 72%, 95%, 92% y 80%, respectivamente. Los valores de corte fueron ≥ 1 núcleo (+) y ≥ 5,5 log10 copias/2 x 10(6) céls. Se aisló CMV en 3,4%, todos los sintomáticos. Conclusión: La antigenemia y la RPC-TR tienen una positividad similar para diagnosticar enfermedad por CMV en adultos chilenos con infección por VIH. El AVR es inapropiado como referencia por su baja positividad.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus/immunology , DNA, Viral/blood , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/immunology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Antigens, Viral/blood , Chile , Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology , Predictive Value of Tests , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sensitivity and Specificity , Viral Load
4.
Biol. Res ; 46(2): 207-213, 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-683999

ABSTRACT

Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance has been reported in some infectious diseases, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim was to assess the antioxidant status in adults with CAP and its relationship with clinical severity at admission. Fifty-nine patients with CAP were enrolled and categorized at admission by the FINE score, from July 2010 to October 2012. In the same period 61 controls were enrolled. Plasma samples were obtained at admission for determination of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane). Erythrocyte reduced (GSH)/oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activity were assessed. Antioxidant status in adults with CAP represented by FRAP and the GSH/GSSG ratio were 16.8% (p=0.03) and 39.7% (p=0.04) lower than control values, respectively. In addition, FRAP values showed a positive correlation with GSH/GSSG ratio (r=0.852; p<0.02; n=59). The CAP group showed greater lipid peroxidation in both plasma and erythrocytes. The FINE score correlated negatively with FRAP (r= -0.718; p<0.05; n=59) and positively with MDA and F2 isoprostane levels (r=0.673; p<0.05; n=59; r=0.892; p<0.01; n=59, respectively). Antioxidant status alterations correlated with clinical severity. The FRAP assay and lipid peroxidation biomarkers may provide a useful parameter for estimating the severity and the clinical outcome of patients with CAP.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Glutathione/blood , Lipid Peroxidation/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Pneumonia/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Catalase/blood , Catalase/metabolism , Community-Acquired Infections/metabolism , /blood , Glutathione Peroxidase/blood , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Malondialdehyde/blood , Severity of Illness Index , Superoxide Dismutase/blood , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(7): 809-814, July 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-567583

ABSTRACT

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are latent persistent infections. Their reactivation may cause illnesses and death in human immunodefciency virus-infected (HIV) people. World wide seroprevalence of these viruses is over 50 percent. In Chile, information is not available. Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of CMV, HSV-1 and EBV in Chilean HIV-infected adults. Patients and Methods: A total of 400 HIV- infected adults aged 17 to 67 years (340 males) were studied during 2005 and 2006. CMV, HSV-1 and EBV serum antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Results: The mean lapse from the diagnosis of HIV and serum testing was 67 months and 69.5 percent patients received antiretroviral therapy. Sixty seven percent of the sample were men who had sex with men (MSM). The seroprevalence for CMV, HSV-1 and EBV were 98.5, 92.2 and 99.7 percent, respectively. No patient had negative antibodies for all three viruses. Male patients that were negative for HSV-1 had a lower frequency of MSM than the rest of males (26 percent vs 62 percent, p < 0.01). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of positive antibodies against CMV, HSV-1 and EBV in Chilean adults infected with HIV. Specifc diagnostic tests and antiviral therapy should be available for these patients.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Herpes Simplex/epidemiology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Chile/epidemiology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , Herpes Simplex/immunology , Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology , Prevalence , Seroepidemiologic Studies
7.
Neumol. pediátr ; 4(1): 3-5, 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-522189

ABSTRACT

El virus influenza es causa frecuente de infección respiratoria. Pertenece a la familia Orthomixoviridae, existiendo tres géneros. Todos comparten características estructurales con un manto de lípidos y glicoproteínas hemaglutinina y neuraminidasa, que participan en la patogenicidad viral y determinando los diferentes subtipos de virus; en su interior una hebra de ácido ribonucleico de polaridad negativa. El presente artículo resumen las principales características de laboratorio, clínicas y de diagnóstico de este emergente virus respiratorio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/virology , Influenza A virus/physiology , Influenza A virus/pathogenicity , RNA, Viral/physiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Laboratories , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza A virus/genetics
9.
Rev. chil. cienc. méd. biol ; 2(1): 25-30, 1992. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-148304

ABSTRACT

El citomegalovirus (CMV) tiene especial relevancia en los recién nacidos por constituir la primera causa de infección congénita de origen viral, determinando diversas consecuencia en ellos. Actualmente, se dispone de una gran variedad de métodos para establecer el diagnóstico de esta infección, los cuales presentan ventajas y desventajas que delimitan su uso. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue determinar la incidencia de infección congénita por citomegalovirus a través del aislamiento viral clásico en cultivos celulares mediante la detección de inmunoglobulina M (IgM) en sangre de cordón umbilical. Se estudiaron 86 recién nacidos del Hospital Félix Bulnes a través del aislamiento viral, desde muestras de orina obtenidas en los primeros días de vida, las que fueron inoculadas en cultivos celulares. Al mismo tiempo, se realizó en 173 casos, el análisis de la sangre de cordón umbilical por ELISA, para investigar la presencia de IgM anti CMV. Se detectaron 5 niños positivos (2,5 por ciento), del total de niños estudiados por una de ambas técnicas y en sólo uno de ellos el diagnóstico fue positivo por los dos métodos. De las 86 muestras de orina informadas, en 4 (4,65 por ciento) se aisló el virus y de los 173 sueros en 2 (1,15 por ciento) se detectó IgM. Se aprecia una mayor sensibilidad del islamiento viral clásico en cultivos celulares, en relación a la detección de IgM anti CMV en el diagnóstico de la infección congénita por CMV


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Cytomegalovirus Infections/congenital , Cells, Cultured/microbiology , Umbilical Cord/microbiology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoglobulin M/isolation & purification , Serologic Tests
10.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 7(2): 81-4, 1990. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119731

ABSTRACT

La infección por CMV es de alta prevalencia en la población general, con especial relevancia en las mujeres por la posible transmisión del virus al hijo, siendo éste el agente viral que con mayor frecuencia origina infección congénita. En el presente trabajo, se estudiaron 154 embarazadas del Hospital Félix Bulnes, a través del aislamiento viral en cultivo celular a partir de muestras de orina y secreción vaginal obtenidas en el momento del parto. Se detectó el virus en 6 (5,26%) muestras de orina y en 7 (5,34%) muestras de secreción vaginal. Del total de mujeres estudiadas, 12 (7,79%) excretaban CMV. El importante número de embarazadas chilenas excretoras virales en el momento del parto enfatiza la necesidad de identificar a los recién nacidos infectados y la importancia de definir las consecuencias en estos niños


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification , Cytomegalovirus Infections/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis
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